Strategies to improve electrocatalytic and photocatalytic performance of two-dimensional materials for hydrogen evolution reaction

Two-dimensional materials (2D) with unique physicochemical properties have been widely studied for their use in many applications, including as hydrogen evolution catalysts to improve the efficiency of water splitting. Recently, typical 2D MoS2, graphene, MXenes, and black phosphorus investigated application reaction (HER). In this review, we summarize three efficient strategies—defect engineering, heterostructure formation, heteroatom doping—for improving HER performance catalysts. The d-band theory, density states, Fermi energy level are discussed provide guidance design construction novel materials. challenges prospects also considered.